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Garbled text as a effect of incorrect character encoding

Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the outcome of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.^[1] The outcome is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a different writing organization.

This display may include the generic replacement grapheme ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement can also involve multiple sequent symbols, as viewed in one encoding, when the aforementioned binary code constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian sixteen-bit encodings vs European 8-flake encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-eight and UTF-16).

Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a unlike event that is not to exist dislocated with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the issue of correct error treatment by the software.

Etymology [edit]

Mojibake means "character transformation" in Japanese. The word is equanimous of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "graphic symbol" and 化け (broil, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".

Causes [edit]

To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded information and the notion of its encoding must exist preserved. Every bit mojibake is the instance of non-compliance between these, information technology tin can exist achieved by manipulating the data itself, or just relabeling it.

Mojibake is often seen with text data that take been tagged with a wrong encoding; it may not even exist tagged at all, but moved between computers with different default encodings. A major source of trouble are advice protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the information.

The differing default settings between computers are in office due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating organization families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of man languages. Whereas Linux distributions generally switched to UTF-8 in 2004,^[2] Microsoft Windows by and large uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses eight-bit lawmaking pages for text files in unlike languages.^{[ dubious – discuss ]}

For some writing systems, an instance existence Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively oftentimes. As a Japanese case, the word mojibake "文字化け" stored equally EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored as UTF-8 is displayed as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted equally Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-8 text appears as "文字化ã'" in software that assumes text to exist in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-i encodings, usually labelled Western, or (for example) equally "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as existence in a GBK (Mainland China) locale.

Mojibake example

Original text	文		字		化		け
Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding	CA	B8	BB	FA	B2	BD	A4	B1
Bytes interpreted equally Shift-JIS encoding	ﾊ	ｸ	ｻ	郾		ｽ	､	ｱ
Bytes interpreted as ISO-8859-ane encoding	Ê	¸	»	ú	²	½	¤	±
Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding	矢		机		步		け

Underspecification [edit]

If the encoding is not specified, it is up to the software to decide it by other means. Depending on the blazon of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are decumbent to mis-prediction in not-then-uncommon scenarios.

The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user's language, brand of operating system and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a estimator with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software within the same system. For Unicode, 1 solution is to use a byte social club mark, only for source code and other auto readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Some other is storing the encoding every bit metadata in the file arrangement. File systems that support extended file attributes tin can store this as user.charset.^[three] This also requires support in software that wants to take advantage of it, but does not disturb other software.

While a few encodings are easy to detect, in item UTF-eight, there are many that are difficult to distinguish (see charset detection). A web browser may non be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent forth with the documents, or using the HTML document'southward meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to ship the proper HTTP headers; see character encodings in HTML.

Mis-specification [edit]

Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This frequently happens betwixt encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora email client for Windows was known to transport emails labelled as ISO-8859-1 that were in reality Windows-1252.^[4] The Mac OS version of Eudora did not exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the most oft seen existence curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this especially affected software running nether other operating systems such as Unix.

Human being ignorance [edit]

Of the encodings still in employ, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII as the predominant mutual subset. This sets the stage for human being ignorance:

• Compatibility can exist a deceptive belongings, as the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of ii encodings (come across Problems in different writing systems).
• People think they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatever superset of ASCII they actually utilise as "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, just even in academic literature, the discussion "ASCII" can be found used equally an example of something non compatible with Unicode, where evidently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-eight.^[1] Note that UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII.

Overspecification [edit]

When at that place are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on different information, the least certain information may be misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character set may be communicated to the client in whatever number of 3 ways:

• in the HTTP header. This data can be based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off disk) or controlled by the awarding running on the server (for dynamic websites).
• in the file, as an HTML meta tag (http-equiv or charset) or the encoding attribute of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the author meant to save the particular file in.
• in the file, as a byte social club mark. This is the encoding that the author's editor actually saved it in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in ane encoding and saving it in some other), this will be correct. It is, however, only available in Unicode encodings such as UTF-viii or UTF-16.

Lack of hardware or software support [edit]

Much older hardware is typically designed to support only one character set and the graphic symbol fix typically cannot exist contradistinct. The character tabular array contained inside the brandish firmware will exist localized to have characters for the country the device is to exist sold in, and typically the tabular array differs from country to country. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a organization from a unlike country. Likewise, many early operating systems do not support multiple encoding formats and thus will end up displaying mojibake if made to brandish non-standard text—early on versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm Os for example, are localized on a per-country basis and will just back up encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version will be sold in, and volition display mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the Os is designed to support is opened.

Resolutions [edit]

Applications using UTF-viii as a default encoding may achieve a greater degree of interoperability because of its widespread use and backward compatibility with Usa-ASCII. UTF-viii besides has the ability to be direct recognised past a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-viii upward with other encodings.

The difficulty of resolving an example of mojibake varies depending on the application inside which it occurs and the causes of it. 2 of the most common applications in which mojibake may occur are spider web browsers and word processors. Modern browsers and word processors often support a wide array of grapheme encodings. Browsers often allow a user to alter their rendering engine's encoding setting on the fly, while word processors allow the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. Information technology may take some trial and error for users to find the correct encoding.

The trouble gets more complicated when it occurs in an awarding that normally does not support a broad range of grapheme encoding, such as in a not-Unicode estimator game. In this case, the user must change the operating arrangement'due south encoding settings to match that of the game. Notwithstanding, changing the system-broad encoding settings can also crusade Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later, a user too has the option to use Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-awarding locale settings. Even so, irresolute the operating system encoding settings is non possible on earlier operating systems such as Windows 98; to resolve this issue on before operating systems, a user would take to apply 3rd party font rendering applications.

Problems in unlike writing systems [edit]

English [edit]

Mojibake in English texts mostly occurs in punctuation, such equally em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), but rarely in character text, since about encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" will appear equally "£" if it was encoded by the sender as UTF-8 only interpreted past the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this can lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.

Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch likewise for English text. Commodore brand 8-bit computers used PETSCII encoding, specially notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the example of all letters. IBM mainframes use the EBCDIC encoding which does not friction match ASCII at all.

Other Western European languages [edit]

The alphabets of the N Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German, French, Portuguese and Castilian are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The boosted characters are typically the ones that go corrupted, making texts just mildly unreadable with mojibake:

• å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
• à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
• æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
• á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
• ä, ö, ü, and ß in German language
• á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
• á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
• à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
• à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
• á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
• à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
• á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish
• à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
• £ in British English

… and their uppercase counterparts, if applicative.

These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 grapheme gear up (also known as Latin ane or Western) has been in apply. Withal, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by 2 competing standards, the backward compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-15. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, merely otherwise any confusion of these three character sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is ever safe to translate ISO-8859-1 as Windows-1252, and fairly safe to interpret it as ISO-8859-15, in particular with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). Nonetheless, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has become more common in certain scenarios, e.1000. commutation of text files betwixt UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8'due south incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. But UTF-8 has the ability to exist directly recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 upwards with other encodings, and then this was most common when many had software not supporting UTF-eight. Most of these languages were supported by MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when buying an operating system version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are not compatible nonetheless.

In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and information technology is usually obvious when i character gets corrupted, due east.g. the second letter in "kÃ⁠¤rlek" ( kärlek , "dear"). This way, fifty-fifty though the reader has to guess between å, ä and ö, virtually all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other hand, does characteristic repeating vowels in words similar hääyö ("nuptials night") which tin can sometimes return text very hard to read (due east.thousand. hääyö appears as "hÃ⁠¤Ã⁠¤yÃ⁠¶"). Icelandic and Faroese have ten and eight maybe confounding characters, respectively, which thus can make it more difficult to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") get almost entirely unintelligible when rendered every bit "þjóðlöð".

In High german, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a mutual term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).

Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either past omitting the problematic diacritics, or past using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practise in German language when umlauts are not bachelor. The latter practice seems to be amend tolerated in the German linguistic communication sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with primitive Danish, and may exist used jokingly. However, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. As an example, the Norwegian football player Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his proper name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his dorsum when he played for Manchester United.

An artifact of UTF-eight misinterpreted as ISO-8859-i, "Ring million nÃ¥" (" Band meg nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.^[5]

Examples

Swedish example:		Smörgås (open sandwich)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 437	ISO 8859-1	Sm"rg†due south
ISO 8859-one	Mac Roman	SmˆrgÂs
UTF-8	ISO 8859-ane	Smörgådue south
UTF-8	Mac Roman	Smörgås

Central and Eastern European [edit]

Users of Central and Eastern European languages can also be afflicted. Because near computers were not connected to any network during the mid- to belatedly-1980s, there were different graphic symbol encodings for every language with diacritical characters (see ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), often also varying by operating system.

Hungarian [edit]

Hungarian is some other afflicted linguistic communication, which uses the 26 basic English language characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-1 character set), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-1. These two characters tin can be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became mutual in e-mail service clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text oft had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It is mutual to answer to an e-mail rendered unreadable (see examples beneath) by character mangling (referred to equally "betűszemét", meaning "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling car") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.

Examples [edit]

Source encoding	Target encoding	Result	Occurrence
Hungarian example		ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép	Characters in ruby are incorrect and exercise non match the pinnacle-left example.
CP 852	CP 437	╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép	This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded by the Central European CP 852 encoding; nonetheless, the operating organization, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Please annotation that small-case letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is right because CP 852 was fabricated compatible with High german. Present occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques.
CWI-ii	CP 437	ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép	The CWI-ii encoding was designed so that the text remains fairly well-readable fifty-fifty if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, but present it is completely deprecated.
Windows-1250	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép	The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European one. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, only the text is completely readable. This is the most mutual fault nowadays; due to ignorance, it occurs often on webpages or even in printed media.
CP 852	Windows-1250	µRVÖZTëRŠ TšG™RFéRŕG P rvˇztűr‹ t k"rfŁr˘g‚p	Key European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is correct.
Windows-1250	CP 852	┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄ThouÍRF┌RËG╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇgÚp	Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The use of ű is correct.
Quoted-printable	7-bit ASCII	=C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCYard=D6RF=DAR=D3Chiliad=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCgrand=F6rf=FAr=F3grand=E9p	Mainly caused past wrongly configured post servers but may occur in SMS messages on some prison cell-phones as well.
UTF-eight	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÅ°RŐ TÃœThouÖRFÚRÃ"ThousandÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tükörfúrógép	Mainly caused past wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were non tested for international usage (as the problem remains concealed for English language texts). In this case the actual (ofttimes generated) content is in UTF-eight; all the same, it is not configured in the HTML headers, so the rendering engine displays information technology with the default Western encoding.

Polish [edit]

Prior to the creation of ISO 8859-2 in 1987, users of diverse computing platforms used their own graphic symbol encodings such equally AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Gild on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Smoothen companies selling early on DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible ways to encode Shine characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware lawmaking pages with the needed glyphs for Smoothen—arbitrarily located without reference to where other reckoner sellers had placed them.

The situation began to better when, afterward pressure from bookish and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded as the "Cyberspace standard" with limited back up of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems acquired by the variety of encodings, fifty-fifty today some users tend to refer to Polish diacritical characters as krzaczki ([ˈkʂät͜ʂ.ki], lit. "little shrubs").

Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]

Mojibake may exist colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.^[half-dozen] The Soviet Wedlock and early Russian Federation developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Information Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-but 7-bit KOI7, based on ASCII simply with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. So came 8-bit KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters only with loftier-chip set octets corresponding to 7-fleck codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable subsequently stripping the eighth bit, which was considered as a major advantage in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and then passed through the high bit stripping procedure, end upwardly rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained unlike flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belarusian (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).

Meanwhile, in the W, Code page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusian also every bit Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Folio 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.

Near recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the world's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.

Before Unicode, it was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the same encoding system. Failure to do this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the exact combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of capital letter letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the same ASCII region, just KOI8 has uppercase messages in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In full general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early on years of the Russian sector of the Earth Wide Web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, one can still encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, every bit well as Unicode. (An estimated one.7% of all spider web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.^[7]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for any given web page in its source,^[8] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.

In Bulgarian, mojibake is oft chosen majmunica ( маймуница ), significant "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is called đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Unlike the former USSR, South Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding in that location before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their ain MIK encoding, which is superficially like to (although incompatible with) CP866.

Case

Russian case:		Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Upshot
MS-DOS 855	ISO 8859-1	Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ
KOI8-R	ISO 8859-1	ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ
UTF-8	KOI8-R	п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀

Yugoslav languages [edit]

Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the seceding varieties of Serbo-Croation language) and Slovenian add together to the bones Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their uppercase counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (simply č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, by and large in foreign names, as well). All of these messages are defined in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while merely some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual OS-default Windows-1252, and are there because of some other languages.

Although Mojibake can occur with whatever of these characters, the messages that are non included in Windows-1252 are much more prone to errors. Thus, fifty-fifty present, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is oft displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.

When confined to basic ASCII (most user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a form is unremarkably washed manually if required.

The Windows-1252 encoding is of import because the English versions of the Windows operating system are most widespread, non localized ones.^{[ citation needed ]} The reasons for this include a relatively modest and fragmented market, increasing the price of high quality localization, a high caste of software piracy (in turn caused past high price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.^{[ citation needed ]}

The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now fifty-fifty Montenegrin from the other three creates many problems. There are many different localizations, using dissimilar standards and of different quality. There are no common translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the cease, people use adopted English language words ("kompjuter" for "computer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not understand what some selection in a card is supposed to practise based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English, likewise as those who are accustomed to English terminology (who are most, because English terminology is also by and large taught in schools because of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of not-specialist software.

When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is like to other Cyrillic-based scripts.

Newer versions of English language Windows permit the lawmaking folio to be changed (older versions crave special English language versions with this support), just this setting tin can be and oftentimes was incorrectly prepare. For instance, Windows 98 and Windows Me can be set to most non-right-to-left single-byte lawmaking pages including 1250, just simply at install time.

Caucasian languages [edit]

The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is peculiarly acute in the example of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which take been superseded past Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used because of a lack of back up in the computer industry. For example, Microsoft Windows does not support it.

Asian encodings [edit]

Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as ane of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than ane (typically two) characters are corrupted at once, e.g. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed equally "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is specially problematic for curt words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two letters are combined, the mojibake also seems more than random (over 50 variants compared to the normal three, non counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an unabridged text string which happens to include a pattern of particular word lengths, such equally the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.

Vietnamese [edit]

In Vietnamese, the phenomenon is called chữ ma , loạn mã can occur when computer try to encode diacritic character defined in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-8. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using inexpensive mobile phone.

Case:		Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du)
Original encoding	Target encoding	Result
Windows-1258	UTF-8	Trăm due northăm trong cõi người ta
TCVN3	UTF-8	Tr¨m due north¨g trong câi ngêi ta
VNI (Windows)	UTF-8	Traêgrand northaêk trong coõi ngöôøi ta

Japanese [edit]

In Japanese, the same phenomenon is, every bit mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a particular trouble in Nippon due to the numerous unlike encodings that exist for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings like UTF-8 and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, likewise as being encountered by Japanese users, is too often encountered by non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese marketplace.

Chinese [edit]

In Chinese, the aforementioned phenomenon is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , pregnant 'cluttered code'), and tin can occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese graphic symbol encoding but is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is ofttimes possible to fix the consequence past switching the grapheme encoding without loss of data. The situation is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the most common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.

It is easy to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:

Original encoding	Viewed as	Effect	Original text	Annotation
Big5	GB	?T瓣в变巨肚	三國志曹操傳	Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original pregnant. The red character is non a valid codepoint in GB2312.
Shift-JIS	GB	暥帤壔偗僥僗僩	文字化けテスト	Kana is displayed every bit characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Most of them are extremely uncommon and not in practical apply in modern Chinese.
EUC-KR	GB	叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨	디제이맥스 테크니카	Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in most cases brand no sense. Easily identifiable because of spaces betwixt every several characters.

An additional problem is caused when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or antiquated characters that are still used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'south "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'s "堃" and vocalist David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'southward "喆" missing in Big5, ex-Mainland china Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.^[9]

Newspapers have dealt with this problem in various means, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters; using a film of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference.

Indic text [edit]

A similar effect can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of Due south Asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Panjabi, Marathi, and others, fifty-fifty if the character set employed is properly recognized by the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules past which individual letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood past a computer missing the appropriate software, even if the glyphs for the individual alphabetic character forms are available.

One example of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the graphic symbol coordinating to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to bear the Devanagari character for "wi" instead used to brandish the "wa" graphic symbol followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable as mojibake generated past a computer not configured to display Indic text.^[ten] The logo as redesigned as of May 2010^[ref] has fixed these errors.

The thought of Obviously Text requires the operating system to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is different from Os to OS for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) across all operating systems. For instance, the 'reph', the short form for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on top of a plain letter. However, information technology is wrong to go along top of some letters similar 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited past modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, it is apt to put it on peak of these letters. Past contrast, for like sounds in mod languages which outcome from their specific rules, it is not put on meridian, such as the word करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem form of the common give-and-take करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marathi language.^[11] But information technology happens in most operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac Os and iOS, the muurdhaja l (nighttime l) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield incorrect shapes.^{[ citation needed ]}

Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, virtually notably Lao, were not officially supported past Windows XP until the release of Vista.^[12] However, diverse sites have made free-to-download fonts.

Burmese [edit]

Due to Western sanctions^[xiii] and the late inflow of Burmese language back up in computers,^{[14] [15]} much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing ways of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created equally a Unicode font simply was in fact merely partially Unicode compliant.^[fifteen] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented equally specified in Unicode, but others were not.^[sixteen] The Unicode Consortium refers to this every bit ad hoc font encodings.^[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such every bit Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.^[14]

Due to these ad hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would return every bit garbled text. To become around this issue, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.^[18] Myanmar government has designated i October 2019 equally "U-Solar day" to officially switch to Unicode.^[13] The total transition is estimated to take two years.^[19]

African languages [edit]

In sure writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such every bit the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but these are not generally supported. Various other writing systems native to Due west Africa nowadays similar problems, such as the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.

Standard arabic [edit]

Another afflicted linguistic communication is Arabic (come across below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings practice not match.

Examples [edit]

File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
Arabic case:		(Universal Declaration of Homo Rights)
Browser rendering:		الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
UTF-eight	Windows-1252	الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
	KOI8-R	О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├
	ISO 8859-five	яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй�
	CP 866	я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж
	ISO 8859-6	ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�
	ISO 8859-2	اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ�
Windows-1256	Windows-1252	ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä

The examples in this article do non have UTF-8 equally browser setting, considering UTF-8 is easily recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-8 it should recognise it automatically, and not attempt to interpret something else as UTF-8.

See also [edit]

• Lawmaking point
• Replacement character
• Substitute character
• Newline – The conventions for representing the line break differ betwixt Windows and Unix systems. Though nearly software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or display the difference (east.g. version control systems and data comparing tools) tin get substantially more difficult to apply if not adhering to ane convention.
• Byte guild mark – The most in-band way to store the encoding together with the data – prepend information technology. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, merely will by design be perceived every bit "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
• HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, mostly optional, just required for certain characters to escape interpretation every bit markup.

  While failure to apply this transformation is a vulnerability (see cantankerous-site scripting), applying it too many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark " becomes ", ", " and so on.

• Bush hid the facts

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Male monarch, Ritchie (2012). "Volition unicode presently be the universal code? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (seven): 60. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
2. ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "whorl -5 linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 Oct 2018.
3. ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
4. ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora e-mail client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-eleven-01 .
5. ^ "sms-scam". June xviii, 2014. Retrieved June xix, 2014.
6. ^ p. 141, Control + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Globe Pequot, 2007, ISBN i-59921-039-viii.
7. ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
8. ^ "Declaring grapheme encodings in HTML".
9. ^ "PRC GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-10-01. Conversion map between Code page 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
10. ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
11. ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
12. ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
13. ^ ^{a b} "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches upwardly in Myanmar'southward digital world". The Nihon Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. Oct. ane is "U-Day", when Myanmar officially will prefer the new system.... Microsoft and Apple tree helped other countries standardize years agone, just Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
14. ^ ^{a b} Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Borderland Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019. With the release of Windows XP service pack two, complex scripts were supported, which fabricated it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such as Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, BIT, and later on Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering trouble by adding extra code points that were reserved for Myanmar's ethnic languages. Non just does the re-mapping prevent future ethnic linguistic communication support, it also results in a typing system that tin can be disruptive and inefficient, fifty-fifty for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two nearly pop smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated merely by capturing the largest market share, which ways they back up Zawgyi out of the box.
15. ^ ^{a b} Sin, Thant (seven September 2019). "Unified nether 1 font organization every bit Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019. Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed unlike the individual and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will improve tongue processing
16. ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Code: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
17. ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Often Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019. "UTF-viii" technically does not apply to ad hoc font encodings such every bit Zawgyi.
18. ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook's path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Engineering". Facebook Technology. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019. It makes communication on digital platforms difficult, as content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In order to ameliorate reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar often post in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single post, not to mention English or other languages.
19. ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.

External links [edit]

williamsdrent1988.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake

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